紫花地(di)丁（学名(ming)(ming)：Viola philippica），别名(ming)(ming)野堇(jin)菜、光瓣堇(jin)菜等。多(duo)年生(sheng)草本，属侧(ce)膜胎座(zuo)目，堇(jin)菜科多(duo)年生(sheng)宿根草本，无地(di)上茎，高5~10cm，果期高可达20余厘米，叶片下部呈三角状卵形或(huo)狭(xia)卵形，上部者较(jiao)长(zhang)，呈长(zhang)圆形、狭(xia)卵状披(pi)针形或(huo)长(zhang)圆状卵形，花中(zhong)等大，紫堇(jin)色(se)或(huo)淡紫色(se)，稀呈白色(se)，喉部色(se)较(jiao)淡并带有紫色(se)条纹；蒴果长(zhang)圆形，长(zhang)5~12mm，种子卵球形，长(zhang)1.8mm，淡黄色(se)。
形态特征
多(duo)(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本，无(wu)地上茎，高4-14厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，果期(qi)(qi)高可(ke)(ke)达(da)20余厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。根状(zhuang)(zhuang)茎短(duan)，垂直，淡褐(he) 色(se)(se)(se)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)4-13毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，粗2-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，节密生(sheng)(sheng)，有(you)(you)(you)数(shu)条淡褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)近白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)的(de)细根。叶(ye)(ye)(ye)多(duo)(duo)数(shu)，基(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)，莲座状(zhuang)(zhuang)；叶(ye)(ye)(ye)片(pian)(pian)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)者通(tong)常较(jiao)小，呈(cheng)(cheng)三(san)角(jiao)状(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)狭卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，上部(bu)(bu)者较(jiao)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，呈(cheng)(cheng)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)圆形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、狭卵(luan)(luan)状(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)(pi)针(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)圆状(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)1.5-4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，宽(kuan)(kuan)0.5-1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，先端(duan)圆钝，基(ji)部(bu)(bu)截(jie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，稀(xi)微心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，边(bian)缘(yuan)具(ju)较(jiao)平的(de)圆齿(chi)，两面(mian)(mian)无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)被细短(duan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)，有(you)(you)(you)时(shi)仅下(xia)(xia)面(mian)(mian)沿(yan)叶(ye)(ye)(ye)脉(mai)被短(duan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)，果期(qi)(qi)叶(ye)(ye)(ye)片(pian)(pian)增大，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)可(ke)(ke)达(da)10余厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，宽(kuan)(kuan)可(ke)(ke)达(da)4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；叶(ye)(ye)(ye)柄在花期(qi)(qi)通(tong)常长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)于叶(ye)(ye)(ye)片(pian)(pian)1-2倍，上部(bu)(bu)具(ju)极狭的(de)翅，果期(qi)(qi)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)可(ke)(ke)达(da)10余厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，上部(bu)(bu)具(ju)较(jiao)宽(kuan)(kuan)之(zhi)翅，无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)被细短(duan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)；托叶(ye)(ye)(ye)膜(mo)质，苍白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)淡绿色(se)(se)(se)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)1.5-2.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，2/3-4/5与(yu)(yu)叶(ye)(ye)(ye)柄合生(sheng)(sheng)，离生(sheng)(sheng)部(bu)(bu)分线状(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)(pi)针(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，边(bian)缘(yuan)疏生(sheng)(sheng)具(ju)腺体(ti)的(de)流苏(su)状(zhuang)(zhuang)细齿(chi)或(huo)近全缘(yuan)。 花中等大，紫(zi)(zi)堇色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)淡紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)(se)，稀(xi)呈(cheng)(cheng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)，喉部(bu)(bu)色(se)(se)(se)较(jiao)淡并带有(you)(you)(you)紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)(se)条纹(wen)； 紫(zi)(zi)花地丁(ding) 紫(zi)(zi)花地丁(ding)(4张) 花梗(geng)通(tong)常多(duo)(duo)数(shu)细弱，与(yu)(yu)叶(ye)(ye)(ye)片(pian)(pian)等长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)或(huo)高出于叶(ye)(ye)(ye)片(pian)(pian)，无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)短(duan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)，中部(bu)(bu)附近有(you)(you)(you)2枚(mei)线形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)小苞片(pian)(pian)；萼片(pian)(pian)卵(luan)(luan)状(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)(pi)(pi)针(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)披(pi)(pi)(pi)针(zhen)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)5-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，先端(duan)渐尖，基(ji)部(bu)(bu)附属物(wu)短(duan)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，末端(duan)圆或(huo)截(jie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，边(bian)缘(yuan)具(ju)膜(mo)质白(bai)(bai)(bai)边(bian)，无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)短(duan)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)；花瓣(ban)倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)圆状(zhuang)(zhuang)倒(dao)(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，侧方(fang)花瓣(ban)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，1-1.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，里面(mian)(mian)无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)须毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)，下(xia)(xia)方(fang)花瓣(ban)连距(ju)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)1.3-2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，里面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)(se)脉(mai)纹(wen)；距(ju)细管状(zhuang)(zhuang)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)4-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，末端(duan)圆；花药(yao)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)约2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，药(yao)隔顶部(bu)(bu)的(de)附属物(wu)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)约1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，下(xia)(xia)方(fang)2枚(mei)雄(xiong)蕊背(bei)部(bu)(bu)的(de)距(ju)细管状(zhuang)(zhuang)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)4-6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，末端(duan)稍(shao)细；子(zi)房卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)，花柱棍棒状(zhuang)(zhuang)，比子(zi)房稍(shao)长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，基(ji)部(bu)(bu)稍(shao)膝曲，柱头三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，两侧及(ji)后(hou)方(fang)稍(shao)增厚成(cheng)微隆起的(de)缘(yuan)边(bian)，顶部(bu)(bu)略平，前方(fang)具(ju)短(duan)喙。 蒴果长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)圆形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)5-12毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，无(wu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)(mao)；种子(zi)卵(luan)(luan)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，长(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)1.8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，淡黄(huang)色(se)(se)(se)。花果期(qi)(qi)4月中下(xia)(xia)旬至9月。
